Dagen idag, den 6. december, er St. Nicolaus' dag opkaldt efter Julemandens forfader biskop Nicolaus fra Myra i Tyrkiet (ca. 300 år e.Kr.)
Det billede, vi i dag har af Julemanden (Santa Claus) er sammenblandet af indtryk fra mange kulturer fra mange lande gennem århundrederne. Men den udgave af figuren, vi kender i dag er i høj grad skabt af Thomas Nast, Haddon Sundblom, Coca Cola og Walt Disney.
Der er 100 år imellem de to billeder her over. I venstre spalte ses den amderikanske tegner Thomas Nast's tegning, der blev offentliggjort i Harper's Weekly 1. anuary 1881 og i spalten til højre ses Haddon Sundblom's berømte Coca-Cola reklame fra 1950. Smilet og skægget er det samme. Haddon Sundblom skabte sin Coca Cola Santa alerede i 1930 (ses øverst på siden) og tegnede de næste 34 år i talrige udgaver. Partnerskabet mllem Coca-Cola og Sundblom varede fra 1930 til 1945.
Stamfaderen til figuren er den fromme Nicolaus, som siges at have levet i Tyrkiet for så længe siden, at ingen rigtigt ved, hvornår.
Han skal være blevet taget til fange under kejser Diocletians forfølgelse og have siddet i fængsel, indtil Konstantin blev kejser. Men han skal også have deltaget i det berømte kirkemøde i Nikæa (325), skønt hans navn ikke nævnes af dem, der har skilderet mødet.
Han endte sine dage som gammel mand og biskop i Myra i Lykien - det sydvestlige Lilleasien.
Vi ved ikke meget om ham men der er talrige legender om hans godhed og gaver. Han dukkede op som velgører, når mennesker var i nød og afbilledes altid i en rød klædning.
Et par hundrede år efter denne fromme mands død begyndte der at flyde en vellugtende olie fra hans afsjælede legeme….. og det gør der stadig. Hans sarkofag stod oprindelig i Myra, men i 1087 blev den flyttet til Basilica di San Nicola i Bari i Syditalien, hvortil folk stadig valfarter for et få en flaske af den velduftende olien med sig hjem. Den danske konge Erik Ejegods første pilgrimsrejse gik således til Bari, kun 11 år efter, at Sct. Nicolaus' sarkofag var kommet dertil.
Rundt om i Vesteuropa blev der bygget mere end 2000 "Nikolaj-kirker" heraf ca. 75 danske. Kun antallet af "Vor Frue"-kirker overgår antallet af "Nikolaj"-kirker i Danmark.
I de følgende århundreder opstår der talrige myter om Sankt Nicolaus, og han dukker op i forskellige landes traditioner, somme tider sammen med en engel og en djævel "Swarte Piet" eller "Knecht Rubrecht". I Danmark forekommer en sammenblanding med den nordiske nisse, som ikke specielt har med julen at gøre.
Verdens første billede af Julemanden med slæde og rensdyr. (T.C. Boyd 1848)
The world's first picture of Santa with sledge and reindeers (T.C. Boyd 1848)
Det var den amerikanske digter Clement Clarke Moore, der i sin børnesang "A Visit from St Nicholaus" fra 1823 først udstyrede Santa Claus med en en lillebitte kane, trukket af otte bittesmå rensdyr, der flyver med susende fart gennem luften og lander på taget, hvorefter Santa Claus gennem skorstenen og den åbne kamin besøger huset med sine gaver. Digtet blev trykt i 1848 med en tegning af T.C. Boyd.
[ Se faksimile udgave her ]
Herefter udkommer det ene tidsskrift efter det andet med billeder og historien om Julemanden.
Den Store Bastian er også en version af Santa Claus. Hans oprindelige tyske navn var "Der Grosse Nicolaus"
The Great Bastian is also a version of Santa Claus. His original German name was "Der Grosse Nicolaus".
Men den udgave af figuren, vi kender i dag er altså i høj grad skabt af Thomas Nast, Haddon Sundblom, Coca Cola og Walt Disney.
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The day today, December 6, is St. Nicolaus's Day, named after bishop Nicolaus from Myra in Turkey (arround 300 A.C.)
The image we have of Santa Claus today is a mix of impressions taken from many cultures throughout the centuries. But the version we know today is to a large degree created by Thomas Nast, Haddon Sundblom, Coca Cola og Walt Disney.
There are almost 100 years between the two images above. To the left the american artist Thomas Nast's drawing, which was published in Harper's Weekly on January 1, 1881, and to the right Haddon Sundblom's famous Coca-Cola poster from 1950. The smile an the beard is the same. Haddon Sundblom created his Coca Cola Santa as early as 1930 (showed at the top of the page) and over the next 34 years he designed numerous variations. The parnership between Coca-Cola and Sundblom lasted from 1930 to 1945. .
The progenitor of the figure is the pious Nicolas who allegedly lived in Turkey so far back in the history that nobody really knows when.
He is said to have been taken prisoner under emperor Diocletian's persecution and to have been in prison until Constantine became emperor. He is also said to have participated in the famous Council of Nicea (325), though his name is not mentioned by those who discribed the meeting.
He ended his days as an old man and bishop of Myra in Lycia - the southwestern Asia Minor. We don't know a whole lot about him, but there are numerous legends about his kindness and gifts. He showed up as benefactor when people were in need, and he always appeared in red clothing.
Fresco med St. Nicholas, St. Nicholas kirken i hjembyen Myra (Demre, Turkey)
Fresco showing St. Nicholas, Church of St. Nicholas in his home-town Myra (Demre, Turkey)
Two centuries after the death of this pious man, a pleasant smelling oil started flowing from his soulless body, and it is still doing it. His sarcophagus was originally located in Myra, but in 1087 it was moved to Basilica di San Nicola in Bari in Southern Italy where people still flock to in order to obtain a bottle of the fragrant oil. The Danish King Erik Ejegod's first pilgrimage was to Bari, just 11 years after Saint Nicholas' sarcophagus had arrived there.
All around Western Europe, more than 2000 "Nicholas" churches were build, 75 of them in Denmark, Only the number of "Our Lady" churches is greater here.
In the following centuries, numerous myths arose about Saint Nicholas, and he shows up in the traditions of many countries, sometimes together with an angel and a devil "Swarte Piet" or "Knecht Rubrecht". In Denmark a mix occurs with the Nordic "nisse" which originally had little to do with Christmas.It was the American poet, Clement Clarke Moore, who in his children's song "A Visit From Saint Nicholas" in 1823 first equipped Santa Claus with a little sled pulled by eight little reindeer. He flies through the air with a swishing speed, and lands on the roof, after which he via the chimney and the open fireplace visits the house with his presents. The poem was first printed in 1848 and it was accompanied by a drawing by T.C. Boyd.
After that, many more periodicals bring pictures and the story about Santa Claus.
The Coca Cola Santa of the 1920s
But as you see the version we know today is to a large degree created by Thomas Nast, Haddon Sundblom, Coca Cola og Walt Disney.
Tanslation: Hannes Hofer
hofer@mac.com
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